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Generator Voltage Control, Optimal Power Flow, Special Protection System, Transient Stability

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์ธ์ถœ ์„ ๋กœ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์‹œ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€ ์ธ์ถœ์„ ๋กœ ๊ณ ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์šด์˜ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šด์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์žฅ์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์„ค์ •์€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์šด์˜ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์€ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์œ ์ง€ ์ „์••์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด์ƒ ์„ค๋น„๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณด์ƒ ์„ค๋น„ ํˆฌ์ž…์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ฉด, ๊ณผ๋„ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค (1-8). ๋ฌธํ—Œ (1)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋“ฑ์‹์ธ ๋™์š”๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ (Swing Equation)์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์š”๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ์ • ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋Œ€๋น„ ์•ˆ์ •์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ (4)์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ๋„ํ•ด์„ (Finite Difference Sensitivities)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋™์ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ œ์•ฝ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ๋„ํ•ด์„์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ ์•ˆ์ „๋„ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋™์  ์•ˆ์ „๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ (8)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž…์ž ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ตœ์ ํ™” (Particle Swarm Optimization) ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜, ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง, ์ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ์ „์•• ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค

Fig. 1. The scenario for transient stability analysis by base voltages

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1786/fig1.png

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์ œ์•ฝ์— ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์œ ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ—๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ—๊ฐ’์„ ์ œ์•ฝ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์˜ ์šด์˜ ์ „์••์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ œ์•ฝ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$\min f(P_{G})$

์ œ์•ฝ์‹์€,

(2)
$P_{G}-P_{L}-P(V,\:\theta)= 0$

(3)
$Q_{G}-Q_{L}-Q(V,\:\theta)= 0$

(4)
$S(V,\:\theta)-S^{M}\le 0$

(5)
$V^{m}\le V\le V^{M}$

(6)
$P_{G}^{m}\le P_{G}\le P_{G}^{M}$

(7)
$Q_{G}^{m}\le Q_{G}\le Q_{G}^{M}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ, $f(\bullet)$๋Š” ๋น„์šฉํ•จ์ˆ˜, (2)์™€ (3)์€ ์œ ํšจ ๋ฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋“ฑ์‹ ์ œ์•ฝ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ $P_{G}$๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ƒโ€งํ•˜ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ(6)์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ $Q_{G}$๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ƒโ€งํ•˜ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ(7)์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. $P_{L}$๊ณผ $Q_{L}$์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์œ ํšจ ๋ฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ $P(V,\:\theta)$์™€ $Q(V,\:\theta)$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์œ ํšจ ๋ฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ž…์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. $S(V,\:\theta)$๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์•ฝ($S^{M}$)์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. $V$์™€ $\theta$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „์•• ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์•ต๊ธ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „์•• ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ(5)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1).

3. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค์ •์šฉ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์„ค์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์••๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์••๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ค์ •๊ฐ’์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ 765kV ๊ณ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ฐ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์••๋ณ„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. 765kV ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 0.0833์ดˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, 345kV์™€ 154kV ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 0.1์ดˆ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ 0.15์ดˆ๋กœ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ฐ™๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ—๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์…‹์„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค์ • ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚ด๋ฏน๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

Fig. 2. The algorithm for calculation of the threshold reference voltage of generators in order to transient stable in a power plant

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1786/fig2.png

๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์†ก์ „์„ค๋น„์— FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์„ค๋น„๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. FACTS ์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค (12). ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ FACTS ์„ค๋น„ ์šด์ „์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ FACTS ์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์œ ๋„์„ฑ(Inductive) ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ฑ(Capacitive) ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–‘์ชฝ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ œ์–ด์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์„ ์šด์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์ „์ ์„ ์œ ๋„์„ฑ ์˜์—ญ(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์˜ โ‘ )์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผœ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ์—ฌ์œ ๋Ÿ‰(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์˜ โ‘ข)์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์ „์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(13,14). FACTS ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์šด์ „ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค์ • ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ’์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— FACTS ์„ค๋น„ ์šด์ „์ „๋žต์— ์ถฉ์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ „์••์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚ด๋ฏน ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋™์ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์น˜์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚ด๋ฏน๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋งž๋„๋ก ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ดํ›„ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.

์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด, ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ „์•• ๊ณ ์žฅ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด, ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ…์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์Šคํ…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ โ‘ ) ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์˜ ์กฐ์ •์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ—๊ฐ’์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ˜„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์—์„œ ํ•œ ์Šคํ…์— ์ค„์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒํผ ๋นผ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์„ค์ •๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด ์ด์ „ ์Šคํ…๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ—๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. FACTS ์„ค๋น„ ์šด์ „์ „๋žต [13]

Fig. 3. Operation scheme of FACTS devices

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1786/fig3.png

4. ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ

๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์ œ์•ฝ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 1 ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•ž ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ์‹์— ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „์•• ์ œ์•ฝ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

์‹(5)์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์•• ์ œ์•ฝ์‹์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ์ œ์•ฝ์‹๋งŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(8)๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋œ๋‹ค.

(8)
$V_{g}^{m-}\le V_{g}\le V_{g}^{M}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ $V_{g}^{m-}$์€ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์••์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์•ฝ์‹์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ณ„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ฝ์‹์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••์œ„๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋„

Fig. 4. The methodology of optimal power flow considering transient stability

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1786/fig4.png

5. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ

๋ณธ ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 1์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”์•ฝ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์•ฝ 58GW๋กœ ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 170 ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค.

๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ์šธ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์šธ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ง€๋กœ 1ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ๋‘ ๋Œ€์”ฉ ํ•œ ๋ชจ์„ ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋ชจ์„ ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 765kV ์†ก์ „์„ ๋กœ ๊ณ ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ์œ„ ์šฐํšŒ ์„ ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— STATCOM(Static Synchronous Compensator), SVC(Static VAR Compensator) ๋ฐ TCSC(Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation) ๋“ฑ์˜ FACTS ๋ณด์ƒ ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜ ์šด์šฉ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” 765kV ์„ ๋กœ ๊ณ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ 765kV ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ•œ์šธ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” TCSC๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด TCSC๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์„ค๋น„๋Š” 765kV ์„ ๋กœ ๊ณ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์ƒ์‹œ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€

Fig. 5. The diagram of power system for area including the studying power plant

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1786/fig5.png

ํ‘œ 1. 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํ•œ์ „ ๊ณ„ํ†ต

Table 1. The summary of Korean power system at light loads in 2020 summer

๊ตฌ๋ถ„

์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ [MW]

๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ [MVar]

๋ฐœ์ „

58,225

9,492

๋ถ€ํ•˜

57,547

10,057

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์•ต๊ธ€ ๋ถ„ํฌ

Fig. 6. Angle spread of generators

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1786/fig6.png

๊ฒ€ํ† ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” PSS/E๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ 7์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ์šธ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์ด 0.96 p.u.์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 0.97 p.u.์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ „์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์•ต๊ธ€์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์••์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 0.01 p.u. ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ 0.97๊ณผ 0.96 ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „์••์€ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ 0.01 p.u.๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ „์••์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1% ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์ถœํ•œ 0.97 p.u. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜๋Š” ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์—์„œ ํ•œ์šธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ ์‹์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋„ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ PSS/E์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์—์„œ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์•• ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์— ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•œ์šธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์€ 0.9831 ~ 0.9845์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ „์••๊ฐ’์ธ 0.97 p.u.๋ฅผ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••

Fig. 7. Terminal voltage of generators

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1786/fig7.png

๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ 3์€ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ œ์•ฝ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••์œ„๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐœ์†Œ์™€ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค ๊ฐ’์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— 1.05 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ „์••์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ „์••์œ„๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐœ์†Œ๋Š” ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ ์šฉ ํ›„ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ›„ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์ถค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์†์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ—ค์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์  ์ „์••๊ฐ’์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2. ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ œ์•ฝ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Table 2. The results of the optimal power flow consindering transient stability constraints

ใ€€๊ตฌ๋ถ„

๋ชจ์„ ๋ช…

๊ธฐ์ค€์ „์••

๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ „

์ „์••[p.u.]

๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ›„

์ „์••[p.u.]

๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž

์ „์••

ํ•œ์šธ#1

22.000

1.0000

0.9831

ํ•œ์šธ#2

22.000

1.0000

0.9831

ํ•œ์šธ#3

22.000

1.0000

0.9845

ํ•œ์šธ#4

22.000

1.0000

0.9845

ํ•œ์šธ#5

22.000

1.0000

0.9841

ํ•œ์šธ#6

22.000

1.0000

0.9841

ํ‘œ 3. ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ œ์•ฝ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••์œ„๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐœ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค

Table 3. The voltage violation buses and active power losses from the results of the optimal power flow considering transient stability constraints

ใ€€๊ตฌ๋ถ„

๋ชจ์„ 

๋ฒˆํ˜ธ

๊ธฐ์ค€์ „์••

๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ „

์ „์••[p.u.]

๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ›„

์ „์••[p.u.]

1.05pu ์ด์ƒ

68980

154.00

1.0508

์—†์Œ

98980

154.00

1.0508

98990

154.00

1.051

0.95pu ์ดํ•˜

์—†์Œ

์—†์Œ

์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค

ใ€€

ใ€€

678.3

[MW]

690.3

[MW]

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋” ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์••์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „์•• ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ์•ฝ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์•• ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์‹œ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†์‹ค์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐ๋‚ดํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณผ๋„์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ตœ์  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ ์šฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 2020๋…„๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ ์šฉ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์‹œ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์‹œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Primary research program through the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (No. 21A01032)

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์„œ์ƒ์ˆ˜(Sangsoo Seo)
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He received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 2003, 2005, and 2010, respectively.

He is currently a senior researcher at the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI)