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Mobile QR Code QR CODE : The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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  1. (Funzin Co., Ltd, VC solution team, Korea.)



Visible light communication, Positioning, IoT, Vehicle-to-infrastructure, Collinearity condition

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

GPS(Global Positioning System)๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์†ก์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ 3~4๊ฐœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ธก๋Ÿ‰๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ GPS ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ GPS์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ •์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1-6). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ GPS์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๊ณต ์•ฝ 20,000km์˜ ์ƒ๊ณต์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ„์„ฑ์—์„œ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฉด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ ธ ๋™์ผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ธ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ„ฐ๋„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจํ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— GPS๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ LED(Light Emitting Diode)๋Š” ์ € ์ „๋ ฅ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋™์ „์••, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ต์†๋„, ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตํ†ต์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋„๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ, ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๋ช… ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ์กฐ๋ช…์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ LED ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, LED๋Š” ์›๋ž˜์˜ ์กฐ๋ช… ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹ (VLC, Visible Light Communication) ์˜ ์†ก์‹ ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (7,8) VLC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ LED ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ RFํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(9-15). ๋…ผ๋ฌธ (9)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์†์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ„ (V2V, vehicle to vehicle), ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ„ (V2I, vehicle to infrastructure) VLC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ชจ์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถ”์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ปจ์…‰์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ (10)์—์„œ๋Š” S2-PSK (Spatial-2-Phase-Shift-Keying) ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S. Y. Jung(11)์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ TDOA(Time Difference Of Arrival)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์€, ์‹ค๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ LED ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋‹จ์—๋Š” photodioide (PD)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ LED์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ID์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. Trong-Hop Do et al.(12)์—์„œ๋Š” LED์—์„œ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹  ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ฐ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ VLC-TDOA ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Kim et al.(13)์€ RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indicator) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ธก์œ„๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๊ณ , Gregary B et al.(14)๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ•๋„, ๋ฐฉ์œ„๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ธก์œ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ Hybrid RSS(Received Signal Strength)/AOA(Angle of Arrival) indoor localization ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ค๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์™ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตํ†ต์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š” ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. B. W. Kim(15)์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์™ธ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ 2D ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ฐ’๊ณผ Euler Angle ๊ณต์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ญ ์ถ”์ • ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์™ธ ์ธก์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดฌ์˜๋œ 2D ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ LED๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ LED๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ ์  ๋„๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ LED ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ธก์œ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ LED๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ VLC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ๊ตํ†ต์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์— ์ดฌ์˜๋œ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ LED ํ‘œ์‹์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ธก์œ„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ LED ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ์—ฐ์† ์˜์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ LED ํ‘œ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์˜์ƒ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ LED ํ‘œ์‹์ž ์ค‘ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋„๋ก LED๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” Farthest point selection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ LED๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๊ด‘์›์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” Farthest point selection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋žœ๋คํ•˜๊ฒŒ LED๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ V2I ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ Farthest point selection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 4์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค.

2. ๋ณธ ๋ก 

์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ๊ตํ†ต์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€, ๋„๋กœ ์ƒ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ, LED ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ, ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ LED ๋žจํ”„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘์— ์บก์ณ๋œ 2D ์˜์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ LED ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์‹ ๋˜๋Š” LED ๊ด‘์›์˜ 3D ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ขŒํ‘œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋ฐ›์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ V2I ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ Farthest point selection ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋„๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ LED ์ธํ”„๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์›์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ VLC๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋œ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค์˜ 2D ์˜์ƒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ค‘ ๊ด‘์› ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ ๊ด‘์› 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด VLC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ Farthest point selection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. V2I VLC ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋„๋กœ์ƒ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ LED ๊ด‘์›๋“ค

Fig. 1. A number of LEDs installed on the road in the V2I VLC environment

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.8.1247/fig1.png

2.1 VLC system

VLC๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” RF ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†ก์‹ ์— ๋น›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์— ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ ํ†ต์‹  ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ VLC ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ VLC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 2. Basic VLC system configuration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.8.1247/fig2.png

์†ก์‹ ๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ LED๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹  ํ‘œ์ค€์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ํ†ต์‹ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ Manchester coding, 4B6B, 8B10B ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ผ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€” ๋•Œ flicker๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ผ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. LED ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” LED์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ DC-Bias๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฆํญ์‹œ์ผœ์ค€๋‹ค. LED ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ on-off ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์‹ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 100Hz ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊นœ๋นก์ด๋Š” LED ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด flickering์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท  DC-Bias ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์กฐ๋ช…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋‚˜ PD(Photo detector)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ด‘์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด flickering์ด ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ก์‹ ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ on-off ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.2 VLC light source extraction

ํ„ฐ๋„, ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€์—ญ, ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜๋œ ์˜์ƒ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” LED ๊ด‘์›๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ด‘, ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์›๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์บก์ณ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” LED ๊ด‘์›๋งŒ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 4์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ํ›„ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๋ณ€์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ, ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ๋งŒ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํš๋“๋œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ Red, Green, Gray, Value ์ฑ„๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  LED๊ด‘์› ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋ผ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ Blue ์ฑ„๋„์€ Red ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ Green ์ฑ„๋„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ด‘์›์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์žก์Œ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ LED ๊ด‘์›์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •

Fig. 3. Image processing for LED extraction from received images

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.8.1247/fig3.png

Gray ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ Value ์ฑ„๋„์€ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ช…๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ํ†ต์‹ ์—์„œ LED์˜ on-off ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ด‘์› ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Blue ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  Red, Green, Gray, Value๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, Red์™€ Green ์ฑ„๋„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ ์ƒ‰, ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ, Gray ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ Value ์ฑ„๋„์€ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. LED๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” on-off ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” LED๊ด‘์›์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํด๋Ÿฌํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ฐจ๋ถ„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(Differential image)๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ’(Threshold value)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์ง„ํ™”(Binarization) ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•ด์ค€ ํ›„ ์ฑ„๋„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•ด์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” LED ๊ด‘์›๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์˜์ƒ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ด‘์›์ถ”์ถœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹  ์˜์ƒ์€ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ํš๋“๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์˜์ƒ ์ด์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์žก์Œ๋“ค์„ ์นจ์‹๊ณผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด, VLC ๊ด‘์› ๋งŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์„œ๋ธŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ธ ์„œ๋ธŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ชจ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐ•์Šค ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ํ”ฝ์…€๊ฐ’์„ ํ†ตํ•ด LED ๊ด‘์›์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ on์ธ์ง€ off ์ธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์กฐํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

2.3 Collinearity condition

์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 3๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ LED ๊ด‘์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์€ 3์ฐจ์› ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ขŒํ‘œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด(Collinearity condition)์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(15). ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ž€ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ผ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์„  ์กฐ๊ฑด

Fig. 4. Collinearity condition in 3D coordinates

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.8.1247/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, Projection center (PC) ์ธ $(X_{0},\:Y_{0},\:Z_{0})$ ์™€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์˜์ƒ๋‚ด์˜ $l(x_{l},\:y_{l})$ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ Real space์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์ขŒํ‘œ์ธ $L(X_{L},\:Y_{L},\:Z_{L})$ ์ด ๋™์ผ ์„ ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ์ขŒํ‘œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ • ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ƒ์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ์ถ•์€ $X,\:Y,\:Z$ ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ์ถ•์€ $x,\:y$ ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์—์„œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์˜์ƒ๋‚ด์˜ ์  $b$๋Š” PC๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์  $B$ ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ขŒํ‘œ์ ์€ ์‹(1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
$PC =[0,\: 0,\: f_{c}]=[X_{0},\:Y_{0},\:Z_{0}],\:b=[x_{b},\: y_{b},\:0],\:B=[X_{B},\: Y_{B},\: Z_{B}]$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $f_{c}$๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์ดˆ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์  $b$์—์„œ PC๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ $\vec{b}$์™€ ์  $B$์—์„œ PC๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ $\vec{B}$๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

(2)
$\vec{b}=[x_{b,\:}y_{b,\:}-f_{c}],\:\vec{B}=[X_{B}-X_{0},\: Y_{B}-Y_{0},\: Z_{B}-Z_{0}]$

๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ 3์ฐจ์› ํšŒ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 2์ฐจ์›๊ณผ 3์ฐจ์› ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋™์ผ์„ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํšŒ์ „๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์—์„œ $\theta ,\:\phi ,\:\psi$๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ $Z,\:Y,\:X$ ์ถ•์˜ ํšŒ์ „๊ฐ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ํšŒ์ „์ถ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ Euler angle์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ถ•์˜ ํšŒ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์‹์€ ์‹(3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

(3)
\begin{align*} X_{rotation}\to\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&\cos\psi &-\sin\psi \\0&\sin\psi &\cos\psi\end{bmatrix}\\\\ Y_{rotation}\to\begin{bmatrix}\cos\phi &0&\sin\phi \\0&1&0\\-\sin\phi &0&\cos\phi\end{bmatrix}\\\\ Z_{rotation}\to\begin{bmatrix}\cos\theta &-\sin\theta &0\\\sin\theta &\cos\theta &0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix} \end{align*}

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. 3์ฐจ์› ํšŒ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜

Fig. 5. 3D rotational transformation variable

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.8.1247/fig5.png

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ํšŒ์ „ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ $Z,\:Y,\:X$ ์ถ•์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํšŒ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์‹ $M_{R}$์€ ์‹(4)๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

(4)
$M_{R}=\begin{bmatrix}\cos\theta & -\sin\theta & 0\\\sin\theta &\cos\theta & 0\\0& 0& 1\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}\cos\phi & 0&\sin\phi \\0& 1& 0\\-\sin\phi & 0&\cos\phi\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&\cos\psi & -\sin\psi \\0&\sin\psi &\cos\psi\end{bmatrix}$

$M_{R}$ํ–‰๋ ฌ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ ์›์†Œ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹(5)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

(5)
\begin{align*} M_{R}=\begin{bmatrix}M_{11}&M_{12}&M_{13}\\M_{21}&M_{22}&M_{23}\\M_{31}&M_{32}&M_{33}\end{bmatrix}\\ \\ =\begin{bmatrix}\cos\theta\cos\psi &\cos\theta\sin\phi\sin\psi -\sin\theta\cos\psi &\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\psi +\sin\theta\sin\psi \\\sin\theta\cos\phi &\sin\theta\sin\phi\sin\psi +\cos\theta\cos\psi &\sin\theta\sin\phi\cos\psi -\cos\theta\sin\psi \\-\sin\phi &\cos\phi\sin\psi &\cos\phi\cos\psi\end{bmatrix} \end{align*}

์œ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ $\vec{B}$์™€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ $\vec{b}$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ์‹(6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
$\vec{b}=\sigma M_{R}^{T}(\psi ,\:\phi ,\:\theta)\vec{B}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $\sigma$๋Š” scaling parameter์ด๋‹ค. ์‹(6)์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ $x_{b}$์™€$y_{b}$๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹(7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

(7)
$\begin{bmatrix}x_{b}\\ \\y_{b}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}-f_{c}\dfrac{M_{11}(X_{B}-X_{0})+M_{12}(Y_{B}-Y_{0})+M_{13}(Z_{B}-Z_{0})}{M_{31}(X_{B}-X_{0})+M_{32}(Y_{B}-Y_{0})+M_{33}(Z_{B}-Z_{0})}\\ \\-f_{c}\dfrac{M_{21}(X_{B}-X_{0})+M_{22}(Y_{B}-Y_{0})+M_{23}(Z_{B}-Z_{0})}{M_{31}(X_{B}-X_{0})+M_{32}(Y_{B}-Y_{0})+M_{33}(Z_{B}-Z_{0})}\end{bmatrix}$

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹(7)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹์„ ๋„์ถœํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์‹ค์ œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ’€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ญํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” pseudo inverse matrix๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.4 Farthest point selection

๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง์„ ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (15)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ด‘์›์ด 3๊ฐœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์ด ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ํฌํ•จ๋  ๋•Œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ด‘์›์„ 3๊ฐœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ข์€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค ์ค‘ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.

Farthest point selection๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๋„๋ก ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ด‘์›์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ขŒํ‘œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋„“์€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. Farthest point selection์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ

Fig. 6. Fundamental principles of the Farthest point selection

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Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์˜ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ LED ๊ด‘์›์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ด‘์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์„ $P_{1}\sim P_{8}$ ์œผ๋กœ, ์›์ ์„ $P_{0}$ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 2์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ $P_{0}$์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘์›์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค($L_{1}$). ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด $L_{1}$๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์›์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ด‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค($L_{2}$). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(c) ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ $L_{1}$๊ณผ $L_{2}$ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ธ ์ ์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(d)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด‘์› ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ LED๊ด‘์›์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์—์„œ๋Š” Farthest point selection๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. Farthest point selection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

Fig. 7. Farthest point selection algorithm

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3. Simulation results

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ V2I ์ธก์œ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ

Fig. 8. Visual Light Communication Based V2I Scope Simulation Environment

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๋ณธ 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 2์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ V2I ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด $X$์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘์›์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ขŒ์ธก 4๊ฐœ, ์šฐ์ธก 4๊ฐœ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์›์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ธ $X$์ถ•์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 100m ์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 30m ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด‘์›์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ด‘์›๋ณ„๋กœ 3m ๋ฐ 5m๋กœ ์„ค์ • ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด‘์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ ์ƒ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘์›๋ณ„๋กœ $X,\:Y,\:Z$์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด [-1m,+1m] ์˜์—ญ์˜ uniform ๋žœ๋ค๊ฐ’์„ ๋”ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 36mm $\times$ 24mm๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ (0, 0, 1.5)๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” $\psi =-80^{\circ},\:\phi =-90^{\circ},\:\theta =-80^{\circ}$์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์ด ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งบํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋žœ๋ค์œผ๋กœ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” Random Point Selection ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํ”ฝ์…€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ (a) Farthest point selection (b) Random point selection

Fig. 9. Positioning error depending on the number of pixels (a) Farthest point selection (b) Random point selection

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(a), (b)๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ ํ”ฝ์…€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(a)๋Š” Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(b)๋Š” ๋žœ๋ค์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ์ ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด X์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ Y, Z์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด X์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ํ”ฝ์…€ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Farthest point selection๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ํ”ฝ์…€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 800 ํ”ฝ์…€ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ๋˜์–ด๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋žต 1m ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋žœ๋ค์œผ๋กœ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”ฝ์…€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1300 ํ”ฝ์…€ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋Œ€๋žต 1m ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์บก์ณ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋„“์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ €ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋†’์€ ์ธก์œ„ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. X์ถ• ์ด๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ (a) Farthest point selection (b) Random point selection

Fig. 10. Positioning error depending on the moving location along the X axis (a) Farthest point selection (b) Random point selection

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(a), (b)์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด X์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ธ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ํ”ฝ์…€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” 500, 1000, 1500, 2000ํ”ฝ์…€๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋žœ๋คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ด‘์›๋“ค์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(a)์˜ Farthest point selection๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋žœ๋คํ•˜๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ํ”ฝ์…€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 2000x2000์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1m ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”ฝ์…€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ 500x500์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋žœ๋คํ•˜๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐœ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 50m ์ด์ƒ ์ „์ง„ํ•ด์•ผ 1m ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Farthest point selection๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”ฝ์…€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 500x500์ผ ๋•Œ ์•ฝ 30m ๋‚ด์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋Œ€๋žต 1m ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ”ฝ์…€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” V2I์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ด‘ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ LED ๊ด‘์›์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ •๋ฐ€ ์ธก์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ Farthest point selection๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3D ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด‘์›์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ขŒํ‘œ์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋งบํžŒ ๊ด‘์›์˜ 2D์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์„  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด‘์›๋“ค์ด ์บก์ณ ๋œ ์˜์ƒ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜์ถ”์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Farthest point selection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์บก์ณ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ LED ๊ด‘์› ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋žœ๋คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด‘์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค Farthest point selection ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ 1m์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This research is financially supported by Changwon National University in 2019โˆผ2020.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ตœ๋™๋…˜ (Dong Nyeok Choi)
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He received the B.S. and M.S. degree from the Dept. of ICT Automotive Engineering, Hoseo University, Chungnam, South Korea, in 2018 and 2020, respectively.

Heใ€€is currently an Assistant Manager in Funzin Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea from 2020.

His research interests include deep learning, camera calibration, AI camera, autonomous driving system.

๊น€๋ณ‘์šฑ (Byung Wook Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.8.1247/au2.png

He received the B.S. degree from the School of Electrical Engineering, Pusanใ€€National University, Pusan, Korea, in 2005,ใ€€and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,ใ€€Korea, in 2007 and 2012, respectively.

Heใ€€was a Senior Engineer with the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon-si, Korea, from 2012 to 2013.

He was an Assistant Professor with the School of Electrical andใ€€Railway Engineering, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan-si, Korea, from 2013 to 2016.

He was an Assistant Professor with the Departmentใ€€of ICT Automotive Engineering, Hoseo University, from 2016 to 2019.ใ€€

He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Changwon National University,ใ€€Changwon-si, Korea.

His research interests include visible lightใ€€communications, V2X communications, and artificial intelligence.