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  1. (Power Electric & Electronic System R&D institute, ENTEC Electric & Electronic Co., LTD.., Korea.)
  2. (KORAIL Railroad Research Institute, Korea.)



Voltage Unbalance, Compensator, AC railway system, IEC 61000-3-16

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ CI(converter, inverter) ๋ฐ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ด๋™ํ˜• ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ์„œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค(1). ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ƒ ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ด๋™ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ 3์ƒ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์€ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„ ๋ฐ ๋™์ผ 3์ƒ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜, ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋‹จ์ถ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณ ์„ค๋น„ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค(2). ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์€ ์„ค๋น„ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์˜ ์ œํ•œ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ(IEC/TR 61000-3-13)์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(3). ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (voltage unbalance factor)์˜ ์ œํ•œ๊ฐ’์€ ์ „์•• ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„ํš(Planning) ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์€ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด HV๊ธ‰์—์„œ 10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  1.4%, EHV๊ธ‰์—์„œ 0.8%์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ „๊ธฐ์„ค๋น„๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์œจ ๊ธฐ์ค€(2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท  3%)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, Le Blanc ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(4). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฐ ๊ฐœ์†Œ, ์ˆ˜์ „ ์ „์••์ด 66kV๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต(weak system)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜• ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด, ์ฒ ๋„๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ Static Var Compensator(SVC), STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM), RPC(railway power conditioner) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜• ๊ฐœ์„  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(6)(7).

ํ‘œ 1. IEC 61000-3-13์—์„œ์˜ Planning ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ

Table 1. Planning levels on IEC 61000-3-13

์ „์•• ๋ฒ”์œ„

Planning ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ

๋น„ ๊ณ 

MV (1kV < Vn โ‰ค 35kV)

1.8 %

10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท 

HV (35kV < Vn โ‰ค 230kV)

1.4 %

EHV (230kV < Vn)

0.8 %

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ(active balancer)๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด Back to back(BTB) ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ƒ ์ „์›๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, M์ƒ(main phase)๊ณผ T์ƒ(teaser phase) ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ DC์ธก์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(8).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 1. Configuration of active balancer

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig1.png

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ธกํ•œ ๊ธ‰์ „์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ•ด์„ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ PSCAD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธ‰์ „ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค, ๊ธ‰์ „ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ธก ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜• ๋ณด์ƒ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ์‹ค์ œ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„

์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ตญ์ œํ‘œ์ค€์ธ IEC ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ($u_{2}$)์„ ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 3์ƒ ์ „์•• ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์—ญ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๋น„๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(3).

(1)
$$u_{2}=\dfrac{\left | U_{2}\right |}{\left | U_{1}\right |}\times 100=\dfrac{\left | U_{a}+\alpha^{2}U_{b}+\alpha U_{c}\right |}{\left | U_{a}+\alpha U_{b}+\alpha^{2}U_{c}\right |}\times 100\%$$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $U_{a},\: U_{b},\: U_{c}$ : ์ƒ์ „์••(๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„),

$U_{1}$ : ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์ „์••์˜ ์ •์ƒ์„ฑ๋ถ„,

$U_{2}$ : ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์ „์••์˜ ์—ญ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ถ„,

$\alpha$ : $1\angle 120^{\circ}=-\dfrac{1}{2}+j\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$

๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์—ฐ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ 12 cycle(60Hz ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๊ธฐ์ค€)์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ RMS(Root Mean Square)๋กœ 3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ 10๋ถ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

$\bullet$ 3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(180 cycle aggregation) : 12 cycle์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 15๊ฐœ๋ฅผ RMS ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ

$\bullet$ 10๋ถ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(10 min aggregation) : 12 cycle์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 200๊ฐœ๋ฅผ RMS ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ

์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์€ ์‹ (2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(3์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰)๊ณผ M์ƒ๊ณผ T์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(9).

(2)
$$\begin{aligned} u_{2} & =\dfrac{U_{2}}{U_{1}}\times 100=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}Z_{2}I_{2}}{V}\times 100 \\ & =\dfrac{Z_{2}}{V^{2}}\sqrt{(P_{T}-P_{M})^{2}+(Q_{T}-Q_{M})^{2}}\times 100\\ & =\dfrac{1}{3U_{1}I_{1}}\sqrt{(P_{T}-P_{M})^{2}+(Q_{T}-Q_{M})^{2}}\times 100\\ & =\dfrac{1}{P_{S}}\sqrt{(P_{T}-P_{M})^{2}+(Q_{T}-Q_{M})^{2}}\times 100 \end{aligned}$$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $P_{S}$ : 3์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, $P_{M}$ : M์ƒ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ,

$P_{T}$ : T์ƒ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, $Q_{M}$ : M์ƒ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ,

$Q_{T}$ : T์ƒ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ,

V : 3์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ „ ์ „์›์˜ ์„ ๊ฐ„ ์ „์••

์ „๊ธฐ์„ค๋น„๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ œ 267์กฐ๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $(Q_{T}\sim Q_{M})$์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ •์‹์„ ์‹ (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(10).

(3)
$$u_{2}\approx\dfrac{1}{P_{S}}(P_{T}\sim P_{M})\times 100=\dfrac{Z}{10^{4}}(P_{T}\sim P_{M})$$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Z :ใ€€๊ธฐ์ค€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ $10^{4}$kVA๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ „์›์˜ %์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค,

$P_{M}$ : 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท  M์ƒ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ,

$P_{T}$ : 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท  T์ƒ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ

์ƒ๊ธฐ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ IEC ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, 66kV๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  3์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 294 MVA์ธ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ์ˆ˜์ „์ธก 3์ƒ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๊ธ‰์ „์ธก M์ƒ ๋ฐ T์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” 90๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ธ‰์ „์ธก M์ƒ, T์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ(power_diff)๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 0 Var์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ƒ๋žตํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ์‹ค์ธก ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์˜ ๊ธ‰์ „์ธก M์ƒ ๋ฐ T์ƒ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ

Fig. 2. Measured real active power on M- and T-phase in ac railway system

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์—์„œ 3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (U2_3ฮฆ), 10๋ถ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์žฌํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (U2_3ฮฆ_10min)๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (U2_calculation)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (U2_3ฮฆ)๋Š” ์‹ (1)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (U2_calculation)์€ ์‹ (2)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (U2_3ฮฆ)๊ณผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (U2_calculation)์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1% ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.8%์˜ ์˜ต์…‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์œจ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ „์ธก ์ „์••์ด ์†ก์ „์„ ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋‚˜ ๋™์ผ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜• ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ 

Fig. 3. Voltage unbalance factor

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig3.png

๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์—์„œ 3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์„ IEC ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์˜ Planning ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 10๋ถ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์žฌ์—ฐ์‚ฐํ•œ U2_3ฮฆ_10min๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 2%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 66kV์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” HV๊ธ‰์˜ Planning ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 1.4%๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.

3. PSCAD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต, ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ, ์‹ค์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 4. AC railway system model

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig4.png

2์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์‹ค์ธก ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๋Š” 66kV 3์ƒ ์ „์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 55kV ๋‹จ์ƒ ์ „์› 2๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 2๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ „์ธก ์ „์›, ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค, ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ PSCAD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2. A๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 2. Specification for ac railway system of A-Substation

๊ตฌ ๋ถ„

์‚ฌ ์–‘

๊ฐ’

์ „ ์›

์ „ ์••

66 kV

% ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค

0.323 + j19.629 ฮฉ

์†ก์ „ ์„ ๋กœ

% ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค

0.775 + j1.188 ฮฉ/km

๊ธธ ์ด

12.1km

์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ

์šฉ ๋Ÿ‰

30 MVA

1์ฐจ์ธก ์ „์••

66 kV

2์ฐจ์ธก ์ „์••

55 kV

% ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค

j8 โ„ฆ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ „์ธก์— 66kV ์ „์›์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์—๋Š” 55kV๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ์œ„์ƒ์ด 90๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 5. Simulation results of ac railway model

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig5.png

3์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฝ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ดˆ์— ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ 100ms ์ด๋‚ด์— ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ํ›„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹คํšจ๊ฐ’์ด ์•ฝ 2,470Arms๋กœ 3์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ $P_{S}=\sqrt{3}VI_{S}$์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ฝ 280MVA๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ ์ˆ˜์ „์ธก 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜

Fig. 6. 3-phase currents under short circuit condition

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig6.png

๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ M์ƒ๊ณผ T์ƒ์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— DC ๋งํฌ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— DC ๋งํฌ ์ „์••์€ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ „์••์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ M์ƒ๊ณผ T์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , M์ƒ๊ณผ T์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ƒ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ d-q ๋™๊ธฐ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ (4)๊ณผ (5)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ยท๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(4)
$$P=\dfrac{1}{2}(V_{qe}I_{qe}^{*}+V_{de}I_{de}^{*})$$

(5)
$$Q=\dfrac{1}{2}(V_{qe}I_{de}^{*}-V_{de}I_{qe}^{*})$$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, P : ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, Q : ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ,

$V_{de}$: ๋™๊ธฐ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ d์ถ• ์ „์••,

$V_{qe}$ : ๋™๊ธฐ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ q์ถ• ์ „์••,

$I_{de}$ : ๋™๊ธฐ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ d์ถ• ์ „๋ฅ˜,

$I_{qe}$ : ๋™๊ธฐ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ q์ถ• ์ „๋ฅ˜

์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด๋Š” M์ƒ๊ณผ T์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ M์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” T์ƒ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ์ค€์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{qe_{-}ref_{-}M}$ ๋˜๋Š” $I_{qe_{-}ref_{-}T}$)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ์ค€์ „๋ฅ˜(($I_{de_{-}ref_{-}M}$, $I_{de_{-}ref_{-}T}$)๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 7. Configuration of control for active balancer

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig7.png

๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 5MVA๋กœ 2์ ˆ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•œ A ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 10MVA์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์— ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ 1.25MVA์˜ BTB ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 4๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด AC ์ „์••์„ 2460V๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์„ธ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ํ‘œ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(8).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 3์ ˆ์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , 4์ ˆ์—์„œ 2์ ˆ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ๋™์ž‘ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 3. ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 3. Specifications for active balancer

๊ตฌ ๋ถ„

์‚ฌ ์–‘

๊ฐ’

๋น„ ๊ณ 

์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ

์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

5 MVA

1์ฐจ์ธก ์ „์••

55 kV

1๊ถŒ์„ 

2์ฐจ์ธก ์ „์••

2.46 kV

4๊ถŒ์„ 

๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ

์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

5 MVA

1.25 MVA ร— 4 EA

AC ์ „์••

2.46 kV

DC๋งํฌ ์ „์••

4.4 kV

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 8. Active balancer model

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig8.png

4. ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ๋™์ž‘ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ 

2์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. 20์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†๋„์— ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚จ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ๊ณผ 10๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ณ„์ธกํ•œ 200๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 20์ดˆ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ 20์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” 200๊ฐœ์˜ 3์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’ ๋„์ถœ๋กœ IEC ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.1 ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ 

2์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š”, ์ฆ‰ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ํšจ ๋ฐ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์—์„œ 2๋ถ„ ์ •๋„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 4MW์—์„œ 10MW๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ 4MW๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด 20์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ๋กœ 2์ ˆ์—์„œ 10MW์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์ธ ์•ฝ 4%๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10.(a)์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ

Fig. 9. Difference of active power on M-and T-phase under applying real data

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig9.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉใ€€์‹œ

Fig. 10. Voltage unbalance factor under applying real data

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig10.png

๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10.(b)๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘์‹œ ๊ณผ๋„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ 2% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์— ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 0.25% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

4.2 ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ 

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ 0 ~ 10๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 20์ดˆ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11~12์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. M์ƒ ๋ฐ T์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ (์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ)

Fig. 11. Difference of active power on M-and T-phase under applying reorganized data

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ (์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ)

Fig. 12. Voltage unbalance factor under applying reorganized data

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.10.1512/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์€ M์ƒ๊ณผ T์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12.(a)๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋ฐ 3๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ๋™์ž‘์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12.(a)๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์€ ์•ฝ 1.3%์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์œผ๋กœ IEC ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ธ 10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  1.4%๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ธกํ•œ M์ƒ ๋ฐ T์ƒ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ฐ’์ด 3์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ „์ธก์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ •์ƒ๋ถ„/์—ญ์ƒ๋ถ„์˜ ๋น„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์••๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜• ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ•ด์„ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ PSCAD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜• ๋ณด์ƒ์žฅ์น˜์ธ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ธก ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ PSCAD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ˆœ์‹œ๊ฐ’ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 5%, 10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์•ฝ 2%์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋Šฅ๋™ํ˜• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆœ์‹œ๊ฐ’ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.3%, 10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  1% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. IEC ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์—์„œ 1.4% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ Planning ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†ก๋ฐฐ์ „ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ธ‰์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ ๋„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์•• ๋ถˆํ‰ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by 2020 Railroad Technology Research Program(RTRP) of the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport under 20RTRP-B149104-03.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊ณ ์œ ๋ž€ (Yu-Ran Go)
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She received the M.S. degree from Jeonbuk National University, Korea in 2011.

She has been working as research engineer at ENTEC Electric & Electronic Co., Ltd. from 2019.

๊น€ํ˜„์šฐ (Hyun-Woo Kim)
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He received the M.S. degree from Soongsil University, Korea in 2015.

He has been working as research engineer at ENTEC Electric & Electronic Co., Ltd. from 2018.

๋ฏผ๋ช…ํ™˜ (Myung-Hwan Min)
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He received the M.S. degree from Sungkyunkwan University, Korea in 2012.

He has been working as research engineer at ENTEC Electric & Electronic Co., Ltd. from 2013.

์•ˆํƒœํ’ (Tae-Pung An)
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He received the B.S. degree from Sungkyungkwan Unisersity, Korea in 1992.

He is currently a vice- president at ENTEC Electric & Electronic Co., Ltd., Korea.

์ดํƒœํ›ˆ (Tae-Hoon Lee)
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He received the B.S. degree from Electrical Engineering at Seoul National University of Science & Technology in 1997 and the M.S. degree from Electrical Engineering at Kwangwoon University in 1999.

He is currently a doctoral course at Chungnam National university and working general manager at Korail.